Name: Thomas Parker
Residence: Downham, Lancashire, England
Christening date: 1821
Christening place: WHALLEY, LANCASHIRE, ENGLAND
Birth date:
Birthplace:
Father's name: William Parker
Father's name note:
Mother's name: Mary
Mother's name note:
Gender: Male
Death date:
Name note:
Batch number: C00467-3
Date range: 1652 - 1888
Record group: England-VR
Film number: 1278942
Collection: England Baptisms 1700-1900
Monday, January 25, 2010
Possible Albert in 1871 Canadian Census
Name: Albert Chirapan
Gender: Male
Age in years: 18
Estimated birth year: 1853
Birthplace: O
Marital status:
Origin (Ancestry): French
Religion: W Meth
Census place: 01, West York c, West York 44, Ontario
Page: 10
Line number: 14
Dwelling: 34
Household id: 34
Film number: 4396688
Library and Archives Canada film number: C-9967
Digital GS number: 4396688
Image number: 00383
Collection: Canada Census 1871
Only "Chirapan" in Canada.
Gender: Male
Age in years: 18
Estimated birth year: 1853
Birthplace: O
Marital status:
Origin (Ancestry): French
Religion: W Meth
Census place: 01, West York c, West York 44, Ontario
Page: 10
Line number: 14
Dwelling: 34
Household id: 34
Film number: 4396688
Library and Archives Canada film number: C-9967
Digital GS number: 4396688
Image number: 00383
Collection: Canada Census 1871
Only "Chirapan" in Canada.
Found Albert Cherpaw Family in 1891 Census
1891 Canadian Census: Dufferin North, Selkirk, Manitoba
Albert Charpan b. 1845 Ontario, married
Mary Charpan b. 1856 Ontario, married
Emma Charpan b. 1877 Ontario, single
Wm Charpan b. 1878 Ontario, single
Benn Charpan b. 1883 Ontario, single
Hannah Charpan b. 1886 Ontario, single
Our Albert Cherpaw Family:
Albert James Cherpaw b. 12-14-1851/1854 Upper Canada
m. 01-04-1888 Uxbridge, Ontario (second marriage to Sarah)
EMILY JANE b. 09-21-1876 Uxbridge, Ontario [SEE BELOW]
William b. 1878 Ontario
Joseph b. 1880 Ontario
Hannah M. b. 06-12-1884
Benjamin F. b. 06-23-1885/1887
Michael Cox, who married Emily Jane, also lived in Dufferin North, Selkirk, Manitoba in 1891. He was single that year. In 1881 he lived in Dufferin, Marquette, Manitoba alone, but was listed as Married for some reason. In 1871, there was no Michael Cox in Manitoba, although there were about 8 in the country that could be him.
Too many coincidences in names and place for this not to be the right family.
Albert Charpan b. 1845 Ontario, married
Mary Charpan b. 1856 Ontario, married
Emma Charpan b. 1877 Ontario, single
Wm Charpan b. 1878 Ontario, single
Benn Charpan b. 1883 Ontario, single
Hannah Charpan b. 1886 Ontario, single
Our Albert Cherpaw Family:
Albert James Cherpaw b. 12-14-1851/1854 Upper Canada
m. 01-04-1888 Uxbridge, Ontario (second marriage to Sarah)
EMILY JANE b. 09-21-1876 Uxbridge, Ontario [SEE BELOW]
William b. 1878 Ontario
Joseph b. 1880 Ontario
Hannah M. b. 06-12-1884
Benjamin F. b. 06-23-1885/1887
Michael Cox, who married Emily Jane, also lived in Dufferin North, Selkirk, Manitoba in 1891. He was single that year. In 1881 he lived in Dufferin, Marquette, Manitoba alone, but was listed as Married for some reason. In 1871, there was no Michael Cox in Manitoba, although there were about 8 in the country that could be him.
Too many coincidences in names and place for this not to be the right family.
Friday, January 22, 2010
Thomas Wilson Cox & Mary Louise Parker
http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/IGI/family_group_record.asp?familyid=273117139&indi_id=100195861988&lds=1®ion=11&frompage=99
http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/Census/household_record.asp?HOUSEHOLD_CODE=1881CN_832109&HOUSEHOLD_SUB=1&frompage=99
http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/Census/household_record.asp?HOUSEHOLD_CODE=1881CN_832109&HOUSEHOLD_SUB=1&frompage=99
Wednesday, January 20, 2010
To-Do List
- compile info on Lairds of Duffus from "...Earldom"
- finish copying book
- aggregate narrative of Freskin de Moravia from all known sources
- go through Banff County records
- finish copying book
- aggregate narrative of Freskin de Moravia from all known sources
- go through Banff County records
Banff County Records
"Records of the county of Baniff, 1660-1760, one hundred years of county government"
(1922)
http://www.archive.org/stream/recordsofcountyo00banfrich/recordsofcountyo00banfrich_djvu.txt
"Some Sasines from Banff"
http://www.mit.edu/~dfm/genealogy/sasines.html
(1922)
http://www.archive.org/stream/recordsofcountyo00banfrich/recordsofcountyo00banfrich_djvu.txt
"Some Sasines from Banff"
http://www.mit.edu/~dfm/genealogy/sasines.html
Tuesday, January 19, 2010
St. Peter's Church
from: http://www.cushnieent.force9.co.uk/Moray%20Churches/duffus.htm
St Peter's Church, Duffus
St Peter's Church at Duffus was in existence in the days of Bishop Simon de Tonei (1171x1184) but is possibly situated on the site of an older foundation. {Duffus - 'Dubh-uis'; black or stagnating water.} In medieval times the church was a part of the Deanery of Elgin.
The medieval portions which survive consist of the barrel-vaulted base of a western tower (now a Sutherland burial vault), and a porch with groined vault on the south side. The latter, a beautiful fragment, is possibly one of the oldest relics of ecclesiastical architecture in the province. The remainder of the medieval structure was replaced by an 18th century 'improvement'.
16th Century porch with groined vaulting.
The Sutherland Vault with "the Angel" in the corner.
There was a chapel dedicated to St Lawrence within the churchyard of St Peter's founded by Freskinus de Moravia, one of the Lords of Duffus, who was buried within it (c.1269) as were several of his ancestors. He endowed the chapel with the lands of Dalvey in Strathspey. Also, within the church, there was an 'altar of the blessed Katharine' near which Walter de Moravia, Hugh's son, was buried. In front of Duffus House (NJ 1750 6846) lies St Lawrence's Well (Chalybeate).
Hugh de Moravia, Lord of Duffus, was dead by 1226 and was buried within the Church of Duffus, near the altar of St Katharine. So was his son Walter. It appears that Hugh at least obtained the character of sanctity (if not actually beatified/canonised) for his benefactions to the Church in general. He had two sons - Walter, who succeeded him, and Andrew, who was Parson of Duffus during his father's lifetime and during the episcopate of Bishop Bricius, whom he succeeded as Bishop of Moray in 1222. Freskin, mentioned above, was Walter's son.
The oldest remaining 'remnant' is the porch which bears the arms of Alexander Sutherland (who married Morella Chisholm of Quarrelwood) thus dating it to to before 1479 - his tomb, giving this as the year of his death, is in the mausoleum at the east end of the church. Inside the porch is groined and the shield is placed at the meeting of the arches.
Andrew de Moravia, the founder of the Cathedral at Elgin, was a member of the famous family long associated with the Castle and, before becoming Bishop, was Parson of Duffus.
Duffus was from the earliest times a prebend of the cathedral. The patronage of the church was given to the Bishop of Moray in 1294 by Christina de Moravia.
Cowan and others say that there was a chapel dedicated to the BVM "at Unthank in this parish." Bishop Bricius foundd a chapel at Duffus Castle early in the 13th century. When Bishop Robert Hepburn added a new canonry and prebend to the Chapter in 1542 it was called Unthank and was said to comprise the chapel of the BVM within the castle of Duffus. The question remains as to whether there were two separate chapels or only one, that at the castle.
Ancient Duffus Castle - seat of the de Moravia family.
For many years St Peter's has been the burial place of the Dunbar family, anciently Baronets of Northfield and related to the de Moravia family. The head of the family lives in the Old Manse, a little further along the road which leads to the world-famous Gordonstoun School, which has had a number of members of the British Royal Family as pupils.
Within the churchyard of St Peter's is also a medieval market cross (one of many to be found in Moray), a remnant of the days when the churchyard was used by the people of the parish for their weekly fairs. Sadly, the head of the cross is now missing but was probably highly decorated.
Besides the chapel of Unthank, there were chapels at Roseisle, and Burghead (St Aethan's) within this parish.
St Peter's Church, Duffus
St Peter's Church at Duffus was in existence in the days of Bishop Simon de Tonei (1171x1184) but is possibly situated on the site of an older foundation. {Duffus - 'Dubh-uis'; black or stagnating water.} In medieval times the church was a part of the Deanery of Elgin.
The medieval portions which survive consist of the barrel-vaulted base of a western tower (now a Sutherland burial vault), and a porch with groined vault on the south side. The latter, a beautiful fragment, is possibly one of the oldest relics of ecclesiastical architecture in the province. The remainder of the medieval structure was replaced by an 18th century 'improvement'.
16th Century porch with groined vaulting.
The Sutherland Vault with "the Angel" in the corner.
There was a chapel dedicated to St Lawrence within the churchyard of St Peter's founded by Freskinus de Moravia, one of the Lords of Duffus, who was buried within it (c.1269) as were several of his ancestors. He endowed the chapel with the lands of Dalvey in Strathspey. Also, within the church, there was an 'altar of the blessed Katharine' near which Walter de Moravia, Hugh's son, was buried. In front of Duffus House (NJ 1750 6846) lies St Lawrence's Well (Chalybeate).
Hugh de Moravia, Lord of Duffus, was dead by 1226 and was buried within the Church of Duffus, near the altar of St Katharine. So was his son Walter. It appears that Hugh at least obtained the character of sanctity (if not actually beatified/canonised) for his benefactions to the Church in general. He had two sons - Walter, who succeeded him, and Andrew, who was Parson of Duffus during his father's lifetime and during the episcopate of Bishop Bricius, whom he succeeded as Bishop of Moray in 1222. Freskin, mentioned above, was Walter's son.
The oldest remaining 'remnant' is the porch which bears the arms of Alexander Sutherland (who married Morella Chisholm of Quarrelwood) thus dating it to to before 1479 - his tomb, giving this as the year of his death, is in the mausoleum at the east end of the church. Inside the porch is groined and the shield is placed at the meeting of the arches.
Andrew de Moravia, the founder of the Cathedral at Elgin, was a member of the famous family long associated with the Castle and, before becoming Bishop, was Parson of Duffus.
Duffus was from the earliest times a prebend of the cathedral. The patronage of the church was given to the Bishop of Moray in 1294 by Christina de Moravia.
Cowan and others say that there was a chapel dedicated to the BVM "at Unthank in this parish." Bishop Bricius foundd a chapel at Duffus Castle early in the 13th century. When Bishop Robert Hepburn added a new canonry and prebend to the Chapter in 1542 it was called Unthank and was said to comprise the chapel of the BVM within the castle of Duffus. The question remains as to whether there were two separate chapels or only one, that at the castle.
Ancient Duffus Castle - seat of the de Moravia family.
For many years St Peter's has been the burial place of the Dunbar family, anciently Baronets of Northfield and related to the de Moravia family. The head of the family lives in the Old Manse, a little further along the road which leads to the world-famous Gordonstoun School, which has had a number of members of the British Royal Family as pupils.
Within the churchyard of St Peter's is also a medieval market cross (one of many to be found in Moray), a remnant of the days when the churchyard was used by the people of the parish for their weekly fairs. Sadly, the head of the cross is now missing but was probably highly decorated.
Besides the chapel of Unthank, there were chapels at Roseisle, and Burghead (St Aethan's) within this parish.
More "Earldom" Index Entries for Laird of Duffus
328- William's death
342- entered heir to his father
344- agreement with Sir R. Gordon
364- difference with John Gordon of Enbo
373- reconciled to him
398- his brother wounded by Enbo
402- quarrel with the house of Southerland
404- dies
342- entered heir to his father
344- agreement with Sir R. Gordon
364- difference with John Gordon of Enbo
373- reconciled to him
398- his brother wounded by Enbo
402- quarrel with the house of Southerland
404- dies
Monday, January 18, 2010
"Earldom" on Murder of William Sutherland (6th Laird of Duffus)
William bands with Southerlands in 1529:
"The yeir of God one thowsand fyve hundred tuentie-and-nyne, the Laird of Duffus gave his band of service to Alexander Master of Southerland, unto whose charge the government of the earldome wes befor this tyme altogether commited by his father; which he governed with wisdome and manhood, and defended the inhabitants of the cuntrey courageouslie against all his and ther enemies." (p. 101)
William murdered in 1530:
"The same yeir of God, Andrew Stuart, bishop of Catteynes, upon some conceaved displeasure which he had receaved, moved the Clan-gun to kill the Laird of Duffus in the toun of Thurso in Catteyness. Upon this accident the haill dyocie of Catteynes wes in a tumult. The Earle of Southerland did assist the bishop of Catteyness against his adversaries, by reasone of allyance contracted betuixt the houses of Huntley, Southerland, and Atholl. Ther wer great and honorable offers made to the Laird of Duffus his sone, by bishop Andrew, for satisfaction of his father's slaughter; such as the heretable constablrie, with the fue of the lands of Skibo, and the heretable bailliarie of the bishoprick of Catteynes; all which he did refuse, and caused charge the bishop to compeir befor the justice at Edinburgh. Wherupon Andrew retired into Athole, and by the meanes of the Earles of Huntly, Southerland, and Atholl, together with the young king's favor and grace, the mater wes then prorogat, and the day of the bishop's appearance befor the justice wes delayed untill another tyme.
Therefter one Alexander Gray, viccar of Far, bishop Andrew Stuart his servant, hade some occasion of bussines to goe visite his master into Atholl; and passing through Elgin of Murray, wher Alexander Southerland, dean of Catteynes (the late slain Laird of Duffus his brother) wes for the tyme, the dean and his nephue violentlie apprehended the said Alexander Gray, and careid him prissoner along to the house of Duffus. Wherupon bishop Andrew sent John Gray of Skibo south to Edinburgh, and caused him summond and charge the Laird of Duffus and his unble, to set Alexander Gray at libertie, and also to compeir personallie befor the councell at Edinburgh, to answer for taking and warding the king's frie subjet, without a commission. The Laird of Duffus, and his uncle the dean of Catteynes, compeiring at Edinburgh, were put in ward, and ther deteyned, untill they should either abyd the censure of the councell for taking of the said Alexander Gray without a power to that effect, or els aggrie with bishop Andrew, and discharge unto him and his servants the slaughter of the late Laird of Duffus; which in end they yeilded to remitt, and also to release Alexander Gray. Then did the Laird of Duffus repent that he had refused the good conditions which bishop Andrew had befor this tyme offered unto him." (p. 102-103)
"The yeir of God one thowsand fyve hundred tuentie-and-nyne, the Laird of Duffus gave his band of service to Alexander Master of Southerland, unto whose charge the government of the earldome wes befor this tyme altogether commited by his father; which he governed with wisdome and manhood, and defended the inhabitants of the cuntrey courageouslie against all his and ther enemies." (p. 101)
William murdered in 1530:
"The same yeir of God, Andrew Stuart, bishop of Catteynes, upon some conceaved displeasure which he had receaved, moved the Clan-gun to kill the Laird of Duffus in the toun of Thurso in Catteyness. Upon this accident the haill dyocie of Catteynes wes in a tumult. The Earle of Southerland did assist the bishop of Catteyness against his adversaries, by reasone of allyance contracted betuixt the houses of Huntley, Southerland, and Atholl. Ther wer great and honorable offers made to the Laird of Duffus his sone, by bishop Andrew, for satisfaction of his father's slaughter; such as the heretable constablrie, with the fue of the lands of Skibo, and the heretable bailliarie of the bishoprick of Catteynes; all which he did refuse, and caused charge the bishop to compeir befor the justice at Edinburgh. Wherupon Andrew retired into Athole, and by the meanes of the Earles of Huntly, Southerland, and Atholl, together with the young king's favor and grace, the mater wes then prorogat, and the day of the bishop's appearance befor the justice wes delayed untill another tyme.
Therefter one Alexander Gray, viccar of Far, bishop Andrew Stuart his servant, hade some occasion of bussines to goe visite his master into Atholl; and passing through Elgin of Murray, wher Alexander Southerland, dean of Catteynes (the late slain Laird of Duffus his brother) wes for the tyme, the dean and his nephue violentlie apprehended the said Alexander Gray, and careid him prissoner along to the house of Duffus. Wherupon bishop Andrew sent John Gray of Skibo south to Edinburgh, and caused him summond and charge the Laird of Duffus and his unble, to set Alexander Gray at libertie, and also to compeir personallie befor the councell at Edinburgh, to answer for taking and warding the king's frie subjet, without a commission. The Laird of Duffus, and his uncle the dean of Catteynes, compeiring at Edinburgh, were put in ward, and ther deteyned, untill they should either abyd the censure of the councell for taking of the said Alexander Gray without a power to that effect, or els aggrie with bishop Andrew, and discharge unto him and his servants the slaughter of the late Laird of Duffus; which in end they yeilded to remitt, and also to release Alexander Gray. Then did the Laird of Duffus repent that he had refused the good conditions which bishop Andrew had befor this tyme offered unto him." (p. 102-103)
"Earldom" on Nicholas (1st Laird of Duffus)
Nicholas was the second son of Kenneth, 4th Earl of Sutherland. Nicholas' brother William became the 5th Earl of Sutherland. Nicholas married Mary Cheyne, bringing Duffus castle back into Sutherland hands, and became the 1st Laird of Duffus. He was born in 1314 and died sometime after the murder of Aodh Mackay and his son Donald Mackay in about 1372.
"The same yeir of God 1360, this William Erle of Southerland gave unto his brother-germane, Nicolas Sutherland, the barony of Thoroboll and Pronsie, to be halden to the Earles of Southerland in warde and relieff, as it is at this day. This charter was granted by Erle William, at Aberden, the thirteinth day of September this yeir of God 1360. From this Nicolas Southerland the hous and familie of Duffus is descended, who doth at this day possesse the lands in the cuntrey of Southerland, and reteyneth yet the surname of Southerland. This Nicolas mareid one of the daughters of Reynold Chein, wherby he became Laird of Duffus." (p. 52)
"The yeir of God one thowsand thrie hundred thriescore-and-four, the disposition of the lands of Thoroboll and Pronsie (maid by this Earle William to his brother Nicolas) wes confirmed by King David, by his charter of confirmation, dated at Edinburgh the seaventeinth day of October, the thertie-fourth yeir of King David's raigne, and of God one thowsand thrie hundred thriescore-and-four." (p. 52)
Nicholas marries the daughter of Reginald Cheyne:
"In this William Erle of Southerland his dayes, lived Renold Cheyn, a Catteynes man, who, dureing his tyme, wes a great commander in that cuntree; of whom many fables are reported amongst the vulgar sort of people, and cheiflie concerning his hunting, wherein he much delighted. Doubtles the Cheins had sometymes many possessions, and were once of greatest command and power in that cuntrey; yet they were never earles therof. All the lands apperteyning to this Reynold Cheyn were divyded among his daughters, which wes confirmed unto them by King David Bruce his charter of confirmation. One of Renold Cheyn his daughters wes mareid to Nicolas Southerland, (this Earle William his brother) with whom Nicholas had the Cheines third of the lands of Catteynes, and the third of the lands of Duffus, in Morray, wherby he became laird of Duffus, which his posteritie doth enjoy at this day. Bot the thirds of Catteynes were given by ane accord and aggriement with a daughter from the Southerlands to the Oliphant, who manie yeirs afterwards did sell and alienat these lands to the Sinclars." (p. 54)
On Henry and Alexander, and the Barony of Thoroboll:
"About this tyme the Scottsmen invaded Ingland agane with fyre and suord, wasting all befor them, evin to Pontefract castell, in Yorkshire; wher Robert Erle of Southerland behaved himselff valiantlie. In this journey, Nicolas Southerland did resigne, at Pontefract castle, into the hands of his superior, (Erle Robert) the baronie of Thoroboll, in favors of his sone Henrie Southerland." (p. 61)
"The tuelft day of Julie, the yeir of God one thowsand four hundred and fourtie and four, Jone Earle of Southelrand (immediate superior) entered Alexander Southerland unto the lands of the barony of Thoroboll, upon the presenting of a resignation, which had been formerlie made by Nicolas Southerland, of the saids lands, in favors of his sone Henry, (the father of the said Alexander), into the hands of Robert Earle of Southerland, at Pontfract castell in Yorkshire in England, as is set donn at lairge in the said precept of clare constat." (p. 70)
"The same yeir of God 1360, this William Erle of Southerland gave unto his brother-germane, Nicolas Sutherland, the barony of Thoroboll and Pronsie, to be halden to the Earles of Southerland in warde and relieff, as it is at this day. This charter was granted by Erle William, at Aberden, the thirteinth day of September this yeir of God 1360. From this Nicolas Southerland the hous and familie of Duffus is descended, who doth at this day possesse the lands in the cuntrey of Southerland, and reteyneth yet the surname of Southerland. This Nicolas mareid one of the daughters of Reynold Chein, wherby he became Laird of Duffus." (p. 52)
"The yeir of God one thowsand thrie hundred thriescore-and-four, the disposition of the lands of Thoroboll and Pronsie (maid by this Earle William to his brother Nicolas) wes confirmed by King David, by his charter of confirmation, dated at Edinburgh the seaventeinth day of October, the thertie-fourth yeir of King David's raigne, and of God one thowsand thrie hundred thriescore-and-four." (p. 52)
Nicholas marries the daughter of Reginald Cheyne:
"In this William Erle of Southerland his dayes, lived Renold Cheyn, a Catteynes man, who, dureing his tyme, wes a great commander in that cuntree; of whom many fables are reported amongst the vulgar sort of people, and cheiflie concerning his hunting, wherein he much delighted. Doubtles the Cheins had sometymes many possessions, and were once of greatest command and power in that cuntrey; yet they were never earles therof. All the lands apperteyning to this Reynold Cheyn were divyded among his daughters, which wes confirmed unto them by King David Bruce his charter of confirmation. One of Renold Cheyn his daughters wes mareid to Nicolas Southerland, (this Earle William his brother) with whom Nicholas had the Cheines third of the lands of Catteynes, and the third of the lands of Duffus, in Morray, wherby he became laird of Duffus, which his posteritie doth enjoy at this day. Bot the thirds of Catteynes were given by ane accord and aggriement with a daughter from the Southerlands to the Oliphant, who manie yeirs afterwards did sell and alienat these lands to the Sinclars." (p. 54)
On Henry and Alexander, and the Barony of Thoroboll:
"About this tyme the Scottsmen invaded Ingland agane with fyre and suord, wasting all befor them, evin to Pontefract castell, in Yorkshire; wher Robert Erle of Southerland behaved himselff valiantlie. In this journey, Nicolas Southerland did resigne, at Pontefract castle, into the hands of his superior, (Erle Robert) the baronie of Thoroboll, in favors of his sone Henrie Southerland." (p. 61)
"The tuelft day of Julie, the yeir of God one thowsand four hundred and fourtie and four, Jone Earle of Southelrand (immediate superior) entered Alexander Southerland unto the lands of the barony of Thoroboll, upon the presenting of a resignation, which had been formerlie made by Nicolas Southerland, of the saids lands, in favors of his sone Henry, (the father of the said Alexander), into the hands of Robert Earle of Southerland, at Pontfract castell in Yorkshire in England, as is set donn at lairge in the said precept of clare constat." (p. 70)
"Earldom" on Kenneth (4th Earl)
Kenneth Southerland, Earle of Southerland
- succeeded Earle William
- "The Earle Kenneth maid ane indenture and aggriement with Reynald Morray, (the son of Allan Morray of Cubin) which wes dated at Sanct Andrews chappell of Golspie, the yeir of God one thowsand thrie hundred threttie years, for setleing and ending of severall preceeding debates and controversies concerning the lands of Skelbo, apperteining to the said Reynald Morray, within Southerland, and also for contracting a mariage betueen Eustach, the daughter of Erle Kenneth, and Gilbert Morray, the sone of Reynold." (p. 44)
Describing the Second War of Scottish Independence:
- In 1331, King Robert Bruce died, and his son David Bruce became King of Scotland. Being young, governors were appointed to run things, first Thomas Randolph Erle of Morray, and on his death Patrick Erle of Merch and Donald Erle of Marr. King David married Jane, the sister of King Edward III of England.
- Edward Ballioll (son of John Ballioll, who was king before Robert Bruce) invaded Scotland and made a claim to the crown, with the assistance of King Edward III of England. The 2 governors assembled an army at Duplin to hold off the invaders. The Earle of Marr was killed along with many others. Andrew of Tullibardin betrayed the Scottish, showing the English a safe passage in the middle of the night on August 3, 1332. King David fled to France until 1342.
- Another governor was chosen, Andrew Murray, who was taken prisoner by the English. Archbald Douglas took his place, assembled a Scottish army, and entered England "to withdraw King Edward the Third from the seidge of Bervick".
Kenneth Dies at the Battle of Hallidon Hill, July 19, 1333:
- "The Engleshmen had pitched ther tents at Holiedoun-hill, within sight of Berwick, and wold not sturr from thence for all the governor, Archbald Douglas, could doe; which being perceaved by the governor, he determined to give them battell, against the opinion of his best experienced warriours."
- The next morning the armies met in battle. Kenneth Earl of Sutherland and Hugh Earl of Rosse "commanded the vantguard of the Scottish army".
- "The Englesh made a fashion of retrait, thereby to draw on the Scots the more eagerlie, who pursued the enemie with great fiercenes; then upon a suddent the Englesh turned, and so ther followed a cruell battell; Kenneth, Earle of Southerland, pressing hard upon the Englishmen with the Scottish vauntguard against the hill, wes ther slain." (p. 45)
More info on the Battle of Halidon Hill:
http://skyelander.orgfree.com/halidon.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill
Sir Robert Gordon praises Kenneth:
- "This Kenneth, Erle of Southerland, heir slain, wes ane expert and judicious commander; he was verie unwilling that day to hazard a battell against the Englesh upon so unequall termes, both of the number and place of battell. Bot perceaveing the governor exceeding wilfull, he then undertook the leiding of the vantguard; and as he had often befor foughtin valiantlie in defence of his native cuntrey, so now especiallie, perceaving it in so great extremitie, he tryed all his might to overcome the enemie, manie tymes renueing the fight with great courage. In places of greatest danger he wes alwise present, repairing the decayes, reforming the disorders, and incouraging his companies, untill he loosed all hope of victorie: then, disdaining in any case to incurr either the infamie or suspition of cowardice, he resolved not to overlive so great dishonor as to sie his cuntrie in servitude under the dominion of a stranger. Thus peremptorilie hazarding all, and therwith his lyff, he lossed the same in the midest of his enemies, with the pryce of a number of ther deaths; haveing couragiouslie ther ended his dayes with great honor, for the righteous guarrell of his cuntrey; leveing his memorable actions and end as ane excellent ornament to his posteritie." (p. 45-46)
Kenneth's Family:
- Kenneth married the Earl of Marr's daughter
- Had 2 sons, William and Nicholas
- Had a daughter, Eustach, who married Gilbert Morray (eldest son of Reynald Morray of Cubin)
- His son William succeeded him as the 5th Earl of Sutherland
- succeeded Earle William
- "The Earle Kenneth maid ane indenture and aggriement with Reynald Morray, (the son of Allan Morray of Cubin) which wes dated at Sanct Andrews chappell of Golspie, the yeir of God one thowsand thrie hundred threttie years, for setleing and ending of severall preceeding debates and controversies concerning the lands of Skelbo, apperteining to the said Reynald Morray, within Southerland, and also for contracting a mariage betueen Eustach, the daughter of Erle Kenneth, and Gilbert Morray, the sone of Reynold." (p. 44)
Describing the Second War of Scottish Independence:
- In 1331, King Robert Bruce died, and his son David Bruce became King of Scotland. Being young, governors were appointed to run things, first Thomas Randolph Erle of Morray, and on his death Patrick Erle of Merch and Donald Erle of Marr. King David married Jane, the sister of King Edward III of England.
- Edward Ballioll (son of John Ballioll, who was king before Robert Bruce) invaded Scotland and made a claim to the crown, with the assistance of King Edward III of England. The 2 governors assembled an army at Duplin to hold off the invaders. The Earle of Marr was killed along with many others. Andrew of Tullibardin betrayed the Scottish, showing the English a safe passage in the middle of the night on August 3, 1332. King David fled to France until 1342.
- Another governor was chosen, Andrew Murray, who was taken prisoner by the English. Archbald Douglas took his place, assembled a Scottish army, and entered England "to withdraw King Edward the Third from the seidge of Bervick".
Kenneth Dies at the Battle of Hallidon Hill, July 19, 1333:
- "The Engleshmen had pitched ther tents at Holiedoun-hill, within sight of Berwick, and wold not sturr from thence for all the governor, Archbald Douglas, could doe; which being perceaved by the governor, he determined to give them battell, against the opinion of his best experienced warriours."
- The next morning the armies met in battle. Kenneth Earl of Sutherland and Hugh Earl of Rosse "commanded the vantguard of the Scottish army".
- "The Englesh made a fashion of retrait, thereby to draw on the Scots the more eagerlie, who pursued the enemie with great fiercenes; then upon a suddent the Englesh turned, and so ther followed a cruell battell; Kenneth, Earle of Southerland, pressing hard upon the Englishmen with the Scottish vauntguard against the hill, wes ther slain." (p. 45)
More info on the Battle of Halidon Hill:
http://skyelander.orgfree.com/halidon.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill
Sir Robert Gordon praises Kenneth:
- "This Kenneth, Erle of Southerland, heir slain, wes ane expert and judicious commander; he was verie unwilling that day to hazard a battell against the Englesh upon so unequall termes, both of the number and place of battell. Bot perceaveing the governor exceeding wilfull, he then undertook the leiding of the vantguard; and as he had often befor foughtin valiantlie in defence of his native cuntrey, so now especiallie, perceaving it in so great extremitie, he tryed all his might to overcome the enemie, manie tymes renueing the fight with great courage. In places of greatest danger he wes alwise present, repairing the decayes, reforming the disorders, and incouraging his companies, untill he loosed all hope of victorie: then, disdaining in any case to incurr either the infamie or suspition of cowardice, he resolved not to overlive so great dishonor as to sie his cuntrie in servitude under the dominion of a stranger. Thus peremptorilie hazarding all, and therwith his lyff, he lossed the same in the midest of his enemies, with the pryce of a number of ther deaths; haveing couragiouslie ther ended his dayes with great honor, for the righteous guarrell of his cuntrey; leveing his memorable actions and end as ane excellent ornament to his posteritie." (p. 45-46)
Kenneth's Family:
- Kenneth married the Earl of Marr's daughter
- Had 2 sons, William and Nicholas
- Had a daughter, Eustach, who married Gilbert Morray (eldest son of Reynald Morray of Cubin)
- His son William succeeded him as the 5th Earl of Sutherland
Sunday, January 17, 2010
Murder at Dingwall
from wikipedia:
In 1370 a feud arose between William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland (chief of Clan Sutherland) and Aodh Mackay (chief of Clan Mackay). A meeting was arranged for them to meet at Dingwall Castle to resolve their issues. However Aodh Mackay and his son Donald Mackay were both murdered in the castle while they were asleep by Nicholas Sutherland, brother of the Earl of Sutherland.
1371 - Murder of two Mackay chieftains, father and son, at Dingwall Castle by Nicholas Sutherland of Duffus, head of one of the junior branches of Clan Sutherland. Much bloodshed followed, including a retaliatory raid on Dornoch in 1372. The cathedral was once again set on fire and many Sutherland men were hanged in the town square. After this, the feud quietened down as both sides were called away to fight against the English.
Raid of Dornoch 1372; The habitual enemies of Clan Sutherland were the Clan Sinclair of Caithness, Clan MacKay and the Clan McLeod to the west of Sutherland. The long dispute with the MacKays came to a head when Nicholas Sutherland of Duffus, head of one of the junior branches, murdered Mackay and his heir in their beds at Dingwall Castle where they had met in an attempt to patch up the feud. Much bloodshed followed, including a retaliatory raid on Dornoch. The cathedral was once again set on fire and many Sutherland men were hanged in the town square. After this, the feud quieted down as both sides were called away to fight against the English.
from clansutherland.org:
The long dispute with the MacKays first came to a head in 1372, when Nicholas Sutherland of Duffus, head of one of the junior branches, murdered Mackay and his heir in their beds at Dingwold Castle where they had met in an attempt to patch up the feud. Much bloodshed followed, including a retaliatory raid on Dornoch. The cathedral was once again set on fire and many Sutherland men were hanged in the town square. After this, the feud quieted down as both sides were called away to fight against the English.
from "...Earldom":
Sir Robert Gordon again seems to confuse people, and has Nicolas Southerland listed as an Earl of Southerland, even though he never was. Gordon seems to have added in a few Earls, getting confused over who were the sons of William, the 5th Earl of Sutherland. However, Gordon does include an account of the murder at Dingwall, which we know from several sources to have been committed by Nicholas Sutherland of Duffus.
"Haveing met ther at the appoynted tyme, they lodged both in the castle of Dingwall in severall chambers hard by one another. Earle Nicholas and Y-Macky fell at some hott reasoning and altercation anent these particulars then in controversie betueine them, and being incensed in anger one against another, upon the repetition of by past injuries, with some reproachfull words, he killed Y-Macky and his sone Donald with his owne hands, and hardlie escaping from ther followers and servants, he returned home with all speid into Southerland, the yeir of God 1395." (p. 58)
In 1370 a feud arose between William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland (chief of Clan Sutherland) and Aodh Mackay (chief of Clan Mackay). A meeting was arranged for them to meet at Dingwall Castle to resolve their issues. However Aodh Mackay and his son Donald Mackay were both murdered in the castle while they were asleep by Nicholas Sutherland, brother of the Earl of Sutherland.
1371 - Murder of two Mackay chieftains, father and son, at Dingwall Castle by Nicholas Sutherland of Duffus, head of one of the junior branches of Clan Sutherland. Much bloodshed followed, including a retaliatory raid on Dornoch in 1372. The cathedral was once again set on fire and many Sutherland men were hanged in the town square. After this, the feud quietened down as both sides were called away to fight against the English.
Raid of Dornoch 1372; The habitual enemies of Clan Sutherland were the Clan Sinclair of Caithness, Clan MacKay and the Clan McLeod to the west of Sutherland. The long dispute with the MacKays came to a head when Nicholas Sutherland of Duffus, head of one of the junior branches, murdered Mackay and his heir in their beds at Dingwall Castle where they had met in an attempt to patch up the feud. Much bloodshed followed, including a retaliatory raid on Dornoch. The cathedral was once again set on fire and many Sutherland men were hanged in the town square. After this, the feud quieted down as both sides were called away to fight against the English.
from clansutherland.org:
The long dispute with the MacKays first came to a head in 1372, when Nicholas Sutherland of Duffus, head of one of the junior branches, murdered Mackay and his heir in their beds at Dingwold Castle where they had met in an attempt to patch up the feud. Much bloodshed followed, including a retaliatory raid on Dornoch. The cathedral was once again set on fire and many Sutherland men were hanged in the town square. After this, the feud quieted down as both sides were called away to fight against the English.
from "...Earldom":
Sir Robert Gordon again seems to confuse people, and has Nicolas Southerland listed as an Earl of Southerland, even though he never was. Gordon seems to have added in a few Earls, getting confused over who were the sons of William, the 5th Earl of Sutherland. However, Gordon does include an account of the murder at Dingwall, which we know from several sources to have been committed by Nicholas Sutherland of Duffus.
"Haveing met ther at the appoynted tyme, they lodged both in the castle of Dingwall in severall chambers hard by one another. Earle Nicholas and Y-Macky fell at some hott reasoning and altercation anent these particulars then in controversie betueine them, and being incensed in anger one against another, upon the repetition of by past injuries, with some reproachfull words, he killed Y-Macky and his sone Donald with his owne hands, and hardlie escaping from ther followers and servants, he returned home with all speid into Southerland, the yeir of God 1395." (p. 58)
Freskin de Moravia
from: http://www.duffus.com/freskin.htm
by Gordon Duffus
In 1130, the Scots King David the Saint marched north into the Province of Moray to put down what would be the final rebellion staged by the followers of the House of Alpin, the last truly Celtic royal line. David and his troops turned the sky in the province black with smoke and the wails of the widows and the fatherless children filled the air. The defeated survivors were rounded up and to preclude a repeat performance, they were shipped into the Sutherlandshire hills. One participant in David's triumph was a young adventurer known variously as Freskin Ollec, Freskin son of Ollec, Freskin de Moravia, and/or Freskin of Strabrock. Not only is Freskin's name a mystery but his place of origin is also in some question ; Lothian, Moray, and even Flanders have been put forward as possibilities. Although his early history cannot be stated with any certainty, it is known that when the revolt had been crushed and the rebelling tribes had been destroyed or transported, Freskin became the lord of a vast and farflung estate as his reward from the victorious king. Freskin apparently married into the Duffus Branch of the Royal House of Moray and thereby furthered his territorial gains. He built defensive works at Duffus, just north of Elgin, and at Glen Fiddich in Banffshire. The castle at Duffus was initially a wooden structure which was placed on a man-made hill [motte] on a low ridge in the then substantial Loch of Spynie. Later additions in mortar and stone make up the present day ruin which occupies the original site. The Castle of Gauldwell, in Banffshire, currently appears as a jumble of "massive fangs and fragments of masonry" and is perched above the steep ravine where Glen Fiddich meets the Altderne.
Freskin continued his role as a warrior for the king and was called on to turn back a Viking incursion into Sutherlandshire. From this expedition we have been given "The Legend of the Last Viking". Freskin and his force succeeded in locating the raiders near Embo and the shield walls formed on both sides of the field. Within minutes, the air was filled with flying spears and arrows. The otherwise silent hills began to echo with the cries of the dead and dying and the clash of metal on metal. Charge and counter charge flowed across the field. Each success and failure being marked by the bodies of the fallen. A final Viking charge succeeded in breaking into the Scottish formation and a wild melee ensued. Viking axes and swords bit deeply into shields and helmets as the combat became individualized and personal. At the height of the madness, Freskin was knocked to the blood soaked ground where he lost hold of his weapons. As he attempted to regain his feet, he observed certain death approaching in the form of a huge Viking Chieftain with upraised axe! In desperation, Freskin grabbed onto the only object within his reach, a discarded horseshoe. With all of his might, Freskin hurled the shoe at the Norseman. The missile found its' mark squarely between the Raiders' eyes and before his blood had had a chance to flow freely, he fell to the trampled heather, dead! As word of their leader's demise spread through the scattered groups of Vikings still fighting on the field, they began to retrace their steps back toward the beach and their waiting longships. The orderly withdrawal soon became a rout as the Scots perceived their advantage and increased their pressure. The Vikings, giving up all pretense of defense, broke ranks and raced toward the beach and the safety of the sea, never to return again! Freskin recovered from his wounds and returned to his lands along the Moray Firth.
Life was good for the Hero of Embo and Freskin had the satisfaction of seeing three grandsons born to his children. Two of these grandsons, Hugh and William, founded the great houses of Sutherland and Murray, respectively. Freskin was still alive between 1166 and 1171 as he is named in a charter to his son William between those dates. It is fair to assume that Freskin's remains rest somewhere near Duffus Castle but the site is unknown.
by Gordon Duffus
In 1130, the Scots King David the Saint marched north into the Province of Moray to put down what would be the final rebellion staged by the followers of the House of Alpin, the last truly Celtic royal line. David and his troops turned the sky in the province black with smoke and the wails of the widows and the fatherless children filled the air. The defeated survivors were rounded up and to preclude a repeat performance, they were shipped into the Sutherlandshire hills. One participant in David's triumph was a young adventurer known variously as Freskin Ollec, Freskin son of Ollec, Freskin de Moravia, and/or Freskin of Strabrock. Not only is Freskin's name a mystery but his place of origin is also in some question ; Lothian, Moray, and even Flanders have been put forward as possibilities. Although his early history cannot be stated with any certainty, it is known that when the revolt had been crushed and the rebelling tribes had been destroyed or transported, Freskin became the lord of a vast and farflung estate as his reward from the victorious king. Freskin apparently married into the Duffus Branch of the Royal House of Moray and thereby furthered his territorial gains. He built defensive works at Duffus, just north of Elgin, and at Glen Fiddich in Banffshire. The castle at Duffus was initially a wooden structure which was placed on a man-made hill [motte] on a low ridge in the then substantial Loch of Spynie. Later additions in mortar and stone make up the present day ruin which occupies the original site. The Castle of Gauldwell, in Banffshire, currently appears as a jumble of "massive fangs and fragments of masonry" and is perched above the steep ravine where Glen Fiddich meets the Altderne.
Freskin continued his role as a warrior for the king and was called on to turn back a Viking incursion into Sutherlandshire. From this expedition we have been given "The Legend of the Last Viking". Freskin and his force succeeded in locating the raiders near Embo and the shield walls formed on both sides of the field. Within minutes, the air was filled with flying spears and arrows. The otherwise silent hills began to echo with the cries of the dead and dying and the clash of metal on metal. Charge and counter charge flowed across the field. Each success and failure being marked by the bodies of the fallen. A final Viking charge succeeded in breaking into the Scottish formation and a wild melee ensued. Viking axes and swords bit deeply into shields and helmets as the combat became individualized and personal. At the height of the madness, Freskin was knocked to the blood soaked ground where he lost hold of his weapons. As he attempted to regain his feet, he observed certain death approaching in the form of a huge Viking Chieftain with upraised axe! In desperation, Freskin grabbed onto the only object within his reach, a discarded horseshoe. With all of his might, Freskin hurled the shoe at the Norseman. The missile found its' mark squarely between the Raiders' eyes and before his blood had had a chance to flow freely, he fell to the trampled heather, dead! As word of their leader's demise spread through the scattered groups of Vikings still fighting on the field, they began to retrace their steps back toward the beach and their waiting longships. The orderly withdrawal soon became a rout as the Scots perceived their advantage and increased their pressure. The Vikings, giving up all pretense of defense, broke ranks and raced toward the beach and the safety of the sea, never to return again! Freskin recovered from his wounds and returned to his lands along the Moray Firth.
Life was good for the Hero of Embo and Freskin had the satisfaction of seeing three grandsons born to his children. Two of these grandsons, Hugh and William, founded the great houses of Sutherland and Murray, respectively. Freskin was still alive between 1166 and 1171 as he is named in a charter to his son William between those dates. It is fair to assume that Freskin's remains rest somewhere near Duffus Castle but the site is unknown.
Skelbo Castle
from a flickr posting:
"In the 15th century, the castle passed by marriage from the de Moravia family to the Kynnards, and then in 1529 it passed to the Sutherlands of Duffus - descendants of Freskin de Moravia again."
from: http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~caithara/page1.htm
The Castle itself dates back to the early part of the thirteenth century, when Hugo Freskyn, Thane of Sutherland, granted his lands of Skelbo to Gilbert de Moravia, afterwards Bishop of Caithness.
The Moravia family possessed Skelbo for upwards of two hundred yars, when it passed to the Kynnards, through the mariage of Thomas Kynnard to Egida, daughter and heiress of Walter Murray of Skelbo and Culbin. In 1529, it was sold by John Kynnard for 2,300 merks to William Sutherland of Duffus, kinsman to the Earl of Sutherland, who with this acquisition, rounded off his estates, which included some of the fairest parts of Sutherland. The Duffus family had need of this stronmg fortress in their frequent quarrels with their neighbours.
Hardly had William Sutherland completed his purchase, when the whole county was thrown into an uproar by his murder at Thurso by the Clan Gunn. Andrew Stuart, Bishop of Caithness, seems to have had a hand in this crime, and the Earl of Sutherland took the Bishop's part in the ensuing troubles when William Sutherlands heir, disdaining all offers of compensation, tried to avenge his fathers death. High handed methods, however, only landed him in an Edinburgh jail, where he was forced to come to terms with the Bishop in order to regain his liberty.
The war was carried on by his son, who allied himself with the Earl of Caithness, the bitterest enemy of the Earl of Sutherland, and this in spite of the fact that the Duffus' were bound to give service to the Earl for Skelbo. It was an alliance that brought them neither good fame nor profit, and was to keep the country in turmoil for two generations.
It culminated in the attack on Dornoch, made in 1570, by Alexander Sutherland of Duffus and his brother, aided by the Master of Caithness and Hugh McKay, also supported by many of the locals from the two counties. Dornoch was burnt and plundered, and the supporters of the Earl of Sutherland retiring to the tower of the Cathedral, where they held out for a week. At length a truce was arranged and the hostages given, but the Duffus' completed their raid by beheading the hostages "against all humanitie and the law of nations". Sir Robert Gordon, the historian, relates with evident relish that immediately after this crime, the Laird of Duffus, "seikenede and never rose again out of his bed, through the sting of conscience which he conceived and through the strange visions which appeared unto him for being accessorie and participant of the shedding of their blood."
History of Skelbo
1. The name Skelbo shows that it was an important farmstead of the early Viking age, built around 850. It means "framstead of shells" or possibly "of shell sand".
2. In 1211 Hugo Freskyn gave Skelbo to his Kinsman, Gilbert of Moray, later to become Saint Gilbert. He made it over to his brother in 1223; Richard was probably killed in the battled of Embo in 1245, when a band of pirates landed at Little ferry.
3. In 1290 the Scottish and English Commissioners were at Skelbo, to meet the young Queen of Scotland, the Maid of Norway, who was to marry the heir to the throne of England. It was at Skelbo that they heard of her death in Orkney. This link to the history of both Scotland and England would justify the preservation of Skelbo as a National Monument.
4. In 1308 Robert the Bruce was campaigning in the Highlands, he captured Balvenie Castle and destroyed Duffus Castle in Moray, one of his supporters, William Wiseman attacked and captured Skelbo castle from the Earl of Sutherland
5. In the 15th century Skelbo passed by marriage from the clan Moray ( the lineage of Hugo Freskyn) to the chief of Kynnard, whose possession caused dispute with John, 8th Earl of Sutherland, over lord of Skelbo. His spouse was killed near Skelbo.
6. In 1529 Skelbo passed from the Kynnards to the Sutherlands of Duffus, Kinsmen of the Earls of Sutherland. Alexander Sutherland of Duffus was knighted by Charles I, before 1643. Lord Duffus accompanied Charles II returning from exile in the Netherlands to Scotland in 1650. That same year Skelbo was reinforced as a garrison of the Earl of Sutherland, whose army came from Skelbo and elsewhere to partake in the battle of Carbisdale which ended the fatal campaign of Montrose and its army marching south from caithness. Montrose was captured and Executed in Edinburgh.
7. In 1654 General Middleton stored army supplies in Skelbo Castle after his landing at Little ferry. Lord Duffus, supporting Charles II, joined general Middleton and the Earl of Glencairn in the rising against cromwell which was centered on Dornoch but defeated at Dalnaspidal. In the 17th century, Skelbo was frequently at the centre of feuding between the clansmen of Gordon and Sutherland.
8. In 1715 at Tain, Kenneth 3rd Lord Duffus with hundreds of Jacobites proclaimed King James VIII. After the defeat of the Jacobites, Skelbo was forfeited. Lord Duffus fled through Caithness to sweden. Seized in Hamburg and imprisoned in the Tower of London he was freed without trial in 1717 returning to exile. He died in St Petersberg in 1734. His son Eric lived at Skelbo.
9. In 1746 the Earl of Cromarty and his jacobite army occupied Skelbo Castle. They captured four Hanoverian ships with arms at Little Ferry and moved to Dunrobin where they took and briefly held Dunrobin castle. (Dunrobin ws the last castle in Scotland to be taken by force) Cromarty was eventually ambushed by the Earl of Sutherlands Militia. This prevented them from taking part in the battle of Culloden and may have influenced the outcome.
10. In 1747 at Skelbo, Lady duffus wrote to the earl of Sutherland about his motherless daughter. the child in her care was making good progress. this letter gives a vivid impression of domestic life at Skelbo Castle. In 1757 the Laid of Duffus and Skelbo wrote to the Eral of Sutehrlands factor about the conditionof the Mansion house, the kiln and girnell. The Roof at the north end of the house was beyond repair. By 1769 the Castle was ruinous. Skelbo was sold by the 4th Lord Duffus in 1787, to whom the forfeited title was restored by Parliament in 1826. The baronial title of Skelbo reverted to the Countess of Sutherland in 1804.
"In the 15th century, the castle passed by marriage from the de Moravia family to the Kynnards, and then in 1529 it passed to the Sutherlands of Duffus - descendants of Freskin de Moravia again."
from: http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~caithara/page1.htm
The Castle itself dates back to the early part of the thirteenth century, when Hugo Freskyn, Thane of Sutherland, granted his lands of Skelbo to Gilbert de Moravia, afterwards Bishop of Caithness.
The Moravia family possessed Skelbo for upwards of two hundred yars, when it passed to the Kynnards, through the mariage of Thomas Kynnard to Egida, daughter and heiress of Walter Murray of Skelbo and Culbin. In 1529, it was sold by John Kynnard for 2,300 merks to William Sutherland of Duffus, kinsman to the Earl of Sutherland, who with this acquisition, rounded off his estates, which included some of the fairest parts of Sutherland. The Duffus family had need of this stronmg fortress in their frequent quarrels with their neighbours.
Hardly had William Sutherland completed his purchase, when the whole county was thrown into an uproar by his murder at Thurso by the Clan Gunn. Andrew Stuart, Bishop of Caithness, seems to have had a hand in this crime, and the Earl of Sutherland took the Bishop's part in the ensuing troubles when William Sutherlands heir, disdaining all offers of compensation, tried to avenge his fathers death. High handed methods, however, only landed him in an Edinburgh jail, where he was forced to come to terms with the Bishop in order to regain his liberty.
The war was carried on by his son, who allied himself with the Earl of Caithness, the bitterest enemy of the Earl of Sutherland, and this in spite of the fact that the Duffus' were bound to give service to the Earl for Skelbo. It was an alliance that brought them neither good fame nor profit, and was to keep the country in turmoil for two generations.
It culminated in the attack on Dornoch, made in 1570, by Alexander Sutherland of Duffus and his brother, aided by the Master of Caithness and Hugh McKay, also supported by many of the locals from the two counties. Dornoch was burnt and plundered, and the supporters of the Earl of Sutherland retiring to the tower of the Cathedral, where they held out for a week. At length a truce was arranged and the hostages given, but the Duffus' completed their raid by beheading the hostages "against all humanitie and the law of nations". Sir Robert Gordon, the historian, relates with evident relish that immediately after this crime, the Laird of Duffus, "seikenede and never rose again out of his bed, through the sting of conscience which he conceived and through the strange visions which appeared unto him for being accessorie and participant of the shedding of their blood."
History of Skelbo
1. The name Skelbo shows that it was an important farmstead of the early Viking age, built around 850. It means "framstead of shells" or possibly "of shell sand".
2. In 1211 Hugo Freskyn gave Skelbo to his Kinsman, Gilbert of Moray, later to become Saint Gilbert. He made it over to his brother in 1223; Richard was probably killed in the battled of Embo in 1245, when a band of pirates landed at Little ferry.
3. In 1290 the Scottish and English Commissioners were at Skelbo, to meet the young Queen of Scotland, the Maid of Norway, who was to marry the heir to the throne of England. It was at Skelbo that they heard of her death in Orkney. This link to the history of both Scotland and England would justify the preservation of Skelbo as a National Monument.
4. In 1308 Robert the Bruce was campaigning in the Highlands, he captured Balvenie Castle and destroyed Duffus Castle in Moray, one of his supporters, William Wiseman attacked and captured Skelbo castle from the Earl of Sutherland
5. In the 15th century Skelbo passed by marriage from the clan Moray ( the lineage of Hugo Freskyn) to the chief of Kynnard, whose possession caused dispute with John, 8th Earl of Sutherland, over lord of Skelbo. His spouse was killed near Skelbo.
6. In 1529 Skelbo passed from the Kynnards to the Sutherlands of Duffus, Kinsmen of the Earls of Sutherland. Alexander Sutherland of Duffus was knighted by Charles I, before 1643. Lord Duffus accompanied Charles II returning from exile in the Netherlands to Scotland in 1650. That same year Skelbo was reinforced as a garrison of the Earl of Sutherland, whose army came from Skelbo and elsewhere to partake in the battle of Carbisdale which ended the fatal campaign of Montrose and its army marching south from caithness. Montrose was captured and Executed in Edinburgh.
7. In 1654 General Middleton stored army supplies in Skelbo Castle after his landing at Little ferry. Lord Duffus, supporting Charles II, joined general Middleton and the Earl of Glencairn in the rising against cromwell which was centered on Dornoch but defeated at Dalnaspidal. In the 17th century, Skelbo was frequently at the centre of feuding between the clansmen of Gordon and Sutherland.
8. In 1715 at Tain, Kenneth 3rd Lord Duffus with hundreds of Jacobites proclaimed King James VIII. After the defeat of the Jacobites, Skelbo was forfeited. Lord Duffus fled through Caithness to sweden. Seized in Hamburg and imprisoned in the Tower of London he was freed without trial in 1717 returning to exile. He died in St Petersberg in 1734. His son Eric lived at Skelbo.
9. In 1746 the Earl of Cromarty and his jacobite army occupied Skelbo Castle. They captured four Hanoverian ships with arms at Little Ferry and moved to Dunrobin where they took and briefly held Dunrobin castle. (Dunrobin ws the last castle in Scotland to be taken by force) Cromarty was eventually ambushed by the Earl of Sutherlands Militia. This prevented them from taking part in the battle of Culloden and may have influenced the outcome.
10. In 1747 at Skelbo, Lady duffus wrote to the earl of Sutherland about his motherless daughter. the child in her care was making good progress. this letter gives a vivid impression of domestic life at Skelbo Castle. In 1757 the Laid of Duffus and Skelbo wrote to the Eral of Sutehrlands factor about the conditionof the Mansion house, the kiln and girnell. The Roof at the north end of the house was beyond repair. By 1769 the Castle was ruinous. Skelbo was sold by the 4th Lord Duffus in 1787, to whom the forfeited title was restored by Parliament in 1826. The baronial title of Skelbo reverted to the Countess of Sutherland in 1804.
Saturday, January 16, 2010
Sutherlands of Kinminity
134. Sutherland Of Kinminity.—In a Description of the Parish of Keith, written in 1742, and quoted by the Rev. Dr. J. F. S. Gordon in the "Chronicles of Keith," a statement is made as to the financial condition of the last Sutherland of Kinminity. Early in 1742 (according to the sympathetic but exceedingly frank writer), Alexander Sutherland of Kinminity, who lived at Tarmore, the mansion-house •of Kinminity being in ruins, "fell over a fore stair at Fochabers and broke his scull, of which he died, leaving a poor widow and a numerous male family in great misery." Is anything known as to the fate of these children, or where their descendants (if any) are to be found ? Although a minor family, the Sutherlands of Kinminity possessed what might be termed an illustrious pedigree. Writing a few years ago on the Irvines of Drum in a local paper, I assumed that Kinminity was a cadet branch of Duffus, and descended from Nicholas, younger son of Kenneth Sutherland, 3rd Earl of Sutherland, who fell at Halidon Hill in 1333. I have since found this to be correct. James Sutherland, who had a charter of Kinminity from James Grant of Freuchie in 1657, was a brother of William Sutherland of Duffus. He owned considerable property in Elgin, and was known as the "Tutor of Duffus," having been guardian of his nephew, Alexander, created Lord Duffus in 1650. His daughter, Margaret, married, in 1673, James Irvine of Artamford, and their son, Alexander, in 1737 succeeded as 16th Laird of Drum. There was also a marriage connection with the Grants of Arndilly. Alexander Sutherland was laird in 1680, and either he or a son, who bore the same name and designation, sat on the jury which convicted James Macpherson, the freebooter, at Banff, in 1700.
J. F. George
from:
SCOTTISH NOTES AND QUERIES
SECOND SERIES
VOL. III.
July, 1901, то June, 1902
JOHN BULLOCH
K U I T O R
ABERDEEN
A. BROWN & CO., 99e UNION STREET
1902
J. F. George
from:
SCOTTISH NOTES AND QUERIES
SECOND SERIES
VOL. III.
July, 1901, то June, 1902
JOHN BULLOCH
K U I T O R
ABERDEEN
A. BROWN & CO., 99e UNION STREET
1902
On the Lairds of Duffus
from: http://duffus.com/lost.htm
There is some false information here, but some possibly new as well.
The accepted progenitor of the De Moravia line was a somewhat misty magnate named Freskin of Friskinus, probably of Pictish origin, although sometimes declared to have been one King David the First's imported Flemings.
This Freskin has a better-documented son, William De Moravia, who had a charter from William the Lion in 1169, of the lands of Duffus, Roseisle, Kintrae, and others ". . . which lands his father, Freskin held in the reign of my grandfather, King David." Duffus Castle, then, was the seat of the family which once con-trolled the entire Province of Moray. Freskin is elsewhere entitled Dominus de Duffus. Freskin also had a son, Hugh.
** 2 errors: This Freskin was not the one called Dominus de Duffus, that was the second Freskin (son of Walter who was son of Hugh). Secondly, Hugh was not Freskin's son, he was his grandson (Hugh's father was William de Moravia, mentioned above). **
Hugh had a son William, who became first Earl of Sutherland. William, son of Freskin, carrying on the main line of the family, had a great grandson, another Freskin, who produced no son but two heiresses. Mary the elder, was married to Sir Reginald Cheyne in 1286, and in 1305 her husband approached the all-conquering King Edward the First of England for permission to fell 200 oak trees " to build his manor of Duffus." Cheyne and Mary De Moravia once again produced only two daughters, and the elder, who was the heir to Duffus, another Mary, married a far-out cousin, Nicholas, second son of Kenneth, 4th Earl of Sutherland. So Duffus came back to the original male descendants of the first Freskin, even though now called Sutherland.
To go back: What took Freskin's grandson, William, north and gained him so much land and power in what was then Sudrland, the South land of the Norse Caithness; and Orkney territories, We do not know --probably, in the usual way, he married into it. Anyway, he became powerful enough to be created first Earl of Sutherland. Thereupon, this branch seems to have dropped the surname of De Moravia and adopted that of Sutherland. The third Earl signed the famous Declaration of Arbroath in 1320, the fourth died at Halidon, and the line went until 1514 when the ninth Earl died insane.
But we are not concerned with the Sutherland earldom. Nicholas Sutherland, seventh in descent from the first Freskin, thus became Lord of Duffus. After this, something of a silence descends upon Duffus--or at least, records do not survive to declare much otherwise. Until, in 1530 stirring doings come to light, not around the main seat of Duffus, but in Sutherland. In that year we read that William Sutherland , Lord of Duffus, was killed by Clan Gunn, at Thurso -- the Gunns allegedly insti- gated thereto by the Bishop of Caithness.
The reason for the murder of Duffus is not revealed -- but we discover that the dead man's brother was the Dean of Caithness. This was the period prior to the Reformation when there was a tremendous amount of sculduddery amongst the lords and laird to get relatives into positions in the collapsing Church, whereby, when the crunch came the great Church lands would gravitate towards the incumbents. lt may well have been something of the sort here, with Duffus seeking to get his brother, the Dean, into the Bishop's seat.
** The murdered William was the 6th Laird of Duffus... then came William the 7th, then Alexander the 8th. This history is incorrect, then, and omits William the 7th. **
The next laird, Alexander, son of William, seems to have carried on the policy of conducting his mishaviours far from home. We that in alliance with the Earl of Caithness, he attacked the Town of Dornoch in 1567, and again laid waste both town and castle in 1570. A year or two earlier, his brothers with the Lord of Duffus's consent, had seized the castle of Berriedale and held it for some time against its true owner, the Lord Oliphant. This was probably all still part of the Reformation land-grab aftermath, with the Catholic -Protestant rivalry further complicating the issue. This Alexander seems to have suffered a change of heart, for we read that in 1571, having put to death certain "sureties" who had surrendered to his ally, the Earl of Caithness, he became so overcome with remorse that he fell ill and soon pined away and died. Odd for the man who had sacked the town of Dornoch twice!
** The next Laird discussed is Alexander's grandson William (10th), he died leaving a young heir, Alexander. Alexander became the 1st Lord of Duffus, and was tutored by our ancestor James of Kinminite (called The Tutor of Duffus). James was William the 10th's brother, thus was the second son of William the 9th. **
The laird who, succeeded in 1616 carried on the family tradition by becoming "much embroiled with the neighboring lairds, especially in Sutherland." He died suddenly in 1626 at an early age, leaving an heir, Alexander, of only four years. This Alexander, however, was the man who painted the Duffus colours on a wider canvas. He must have been a precocious youth, for he was one of those who went to Edinburgh to greet King Charles, the First in 1641, whereupon the grateful monarch knighted him. He can have been only nineteen at the time. However, his admiration for the unfortunate Charles seemed to have cooled, for he took the opposite Covenant side, and his estate suffered at the Royalist hands in consequence. Indignant, he petitioned Parliament for redress, and succeeded in winning compensation of, L 10,000 Scots--to be paid by the English Parliament.
On the proceeds, presumably young Sir Alexander Sutherland went abroad, and traveled extensively in France and Holland--Scotland was no doubt a good place to be out of during the Commonwealth period. But Holland was where King Charles the Second was in exile, and in June 1650, when Charles sailed back to his own country, Sir Alexander came with him. They landed at Garmouth in Moray, only a few miles from Duffus, and it may well have been Sir Alexander's influence which brought the Royal exile there. At any rate, within six months, Alexander was created a peer, as the first Lord Duffus.
But Cromwell was to rule the land for another ten years, and the new Lord Duffus soon found himself in trouble. He was ordered to hold the city of Perth for King Charles and given 600 men to do it. He held out for exactly twelve hours--and was thereafter fined L1500 by the Lord Protector. When at last the Restoration came, Lord Duffus in due course went to London with the now Merry Monarch.
Reading between the lines, it is probable that the new peer earned his honours by more than the fact that he brought Charles from Holland to Moray--or even by his twelve-hours' defence of Perth. Charles was chronically short of money, inheriting an empty treasury and Alexander Sutherland was rich. As well as all the original lands of Duffus and in Sutherland, one of his predecessors had married an heiress with great estates in the Elgin area.
from: http://www.scotsites.co.uk/eBooks/sagatimechapter9.htm
We now have to fix the date of Freskin de Moravia, nephew of William, dominus Sutherlandiae since about 1214. Freskin, as stated, was undoubtedly the husband of Johanna of Strathnaver, and became on his marriage owner of her lands there as well as of a moiety of the Caithness earldom lands.
Freskin was, as also stated, the eldest son of Walter de Moravia of Duffus, second son of Hugo Freskyn of Strabrock, Duffus and Sutherland by Walter's marriage with Euphamia, probably, from her name, a daughter of Ferchar Mac-in-tagart, who became Earl of Ross.[23] As Ferchar granted[24] certain lands at Clon in Ross about the year 1224 to Freskin's father Walter de Moravia of Duffus without pecuniary or other valuable consideration, it has been concluded, probably correctly, that this grant was made on the occasion of the marriage of Walter to Ferchar's daughter Euphamia; and Freskin, their heir, was born in or after 1225, and had become dominus de Duffus by 1248 on his father's death. Johanna, on our hypothesis, would have to be born by 1232 at latest, that is, before or soon after her supposed father Snaekoll went to Norway, and from her supposed father's date she could hardly have been born before 1225. Snaekoll's date can be ascertained with comparative accuracy. For his mother lost her first husband, Lifolf Baldpate, only in 1198, at the battle of Clairdon, and she can hardly have married Snaekoll's father, Gunni, much before 1200. From these dates Snaekoll could have been born by 1201, and married in Scotland between 1224 and 1231, and Freskin and Johanna would thus be of very suitable ages to marry each other, and their marriage therefore would take place after 1245, or possibly as late as 1250. If Johanna was the daughter of a younger child of Ragnhild, she might be born later than 1225.
There is some false information here, but some possibly new as well.
The accepted progenitor of the De Moravia line was a somewhat misty magnate named Freskin of Friskinus, probably of Pictish origin, although sometimes declared to have been one King David the First's imported Flemings.
This Freskin has a better-documented son, William De Moravia, who had a charter from William the Lion in 1169, of the lands of Duffus, Roseisle, Kintrae, and others ". . . which lands his father, Freskin held in the reign of my grandfather, King David." Duffus Castle, then, was the seat of the family which once con-trolled the entire Province of Moray. Freskin is elsewhere entitled Dominus de Duffus. Freskin also had a son, Hugh.
** 2 errors: This Freskin was not the one called Dominus de Duffus, that was the second Freskin (son of Walter who was son of Hugh). Secondly, Hugh was not Freskin's son, he was his grandson (Hugh's father was William de Moravia, mentioned above). **
Hugh had a son William, who became first Earl of Sutherland. William, son of Freskin, carrying on the main line of the family, had a great grandson, another Freskin, who produced no son but two heiresses. Mary the elder, was married to Sir Reginald Cheyne in 1286, and in 1305 her husband approached the all-conquering King Edward the First of England for permission to fell 200 oak trees " to build his manor of Duffus." Cheyne and Mary De Moravia once again produced only two daughters, and the elder, who was the heir to Duffus, another Mary, married a far-out cousin, Nicholas, second son of Kenneth, 4th Earl of Sutherland. So Duffus came back to the original male descendants of the first Freskin, even though now called Sutherland.
To go back: What took Freskin's grandson, William, north and gained him so much land and power in what was then Sudrland, the South land of the Norse Caithness; and Orkney territories, We do not know --probably, in the usual way, he married into it. Anyway, he became powerful enough to be created first Earl of Sutherland. Thereupon, this branch seems to have dropped the surname of De Moravia and adopted that of Sutherland. The third Earl signed the famous Declaration of Arbroath in 1320, the fourth died at Halidon, and the line went until 1514 when the ninth Earl died insane.
But we are not concerned with the Sutherland earldom. Nicholas Sutherland, seventh in descent from the first Freskin, thus became Lord of Duffus. After this, something of a silence descends upon Duffus--or at least, records do not survive to declare much otherwise. Until, in 1530 stirring doings come to light, not around the main seat of Duffus, but in Sutherland. In that year we read that William Sutherland , Lord of Duffus, was killed by Clan Gunn, at Thurso -- the Gunns allegedly insti- gated thereto by the Bishop of Caithness.
The reason for the murder of Duffus is not revealed -- but we discover that the dead man's brother was the Dean of Caithness. This was the period prior to the Reformation when there was a tremendous amount of sculduddery amongst the lords and laird to get relatives into positions in the collapsing Church, whereby, when the crunch came the great Church lands would gravitate towards the incumbents. lt may well have been something of the sort here, with Duffus seeking to get his brother, the Dean, into the Bishop's seat.
** The murdered William was the 6th Laird of Duffus... then came William the 7th, then Alexander the 8th. This history is incorrect, then, and omits William the 7th. **
The next laird, Alexander, son of William, seems to have carried on the policy of conducting his mishaviours far from home. We that in alliance with the Earl of Caithness, he attacked the Town of Dornoch in 1567, and again laid waste both town and castle in 1570. A year or two earlier, his brothers with the Lord of Duffus's consent, had seized the castle of Berriedale and held it for some time against its true owner, the Lord Oliphant. This was probably all still part of the Reformation land-grab aftermath, with the Catholic -Protestant rivalry further complicating the issue. This Alexander seems to have suffered a change of heart, for we read that in 1571, having put to death certain "sureties" who had surrendered to his ally, the Earl of Caithness, he became so overcome with remorse that he fell ill and soon pined away and died. Odd for the man who had sacked the town of Dornoch twice!
** The next Laird discussed is Alexander's grandson William (10th), he died leaving a young heir, Alexander. Alexander became the 1st Lord of Duffus, and was tutored by our ancestor James of Kinminite (called The Tutor of Duffus). James was William the 10th's brother, thus was the second son of William the 9th. **
The laird who, succeeded in 1616 carried on the family tradition by becoming "much embroiled with the neighboring lairds, especially in Sutherland." He died suddenly in 1626 at an early age, leaving an heir, Alexander, of only four years. This Alexander, however, was the man who painted the Duffus colours on a wider canvas. He must have been a precocious youth, for he was one of those who went to Edinburgh to greet King Charles, the First in 1641, whereupon the grateful monarch knighted him. He can have been only nineteen at the time. However, his admiration for the unfortunate Charles seemed to have cooled, for he took the opposite Covenant side, and his estate suffered at the Royalist hands in consequence. Indignant, he petitioned Parliament for redress, and succeeded in winning compensation of, L 10,000 Scots--to be paid by the English Parliament.
On the proceeds, presumably young Sir Alexander Sutherland went abroad, and traveled extensively in France and Holland--Scotland was no doubt a good place to be out of during the Commonwealth period. But Holland was where King Charles the Second was in exile, and in June 1650, when Charles sailed back to his own country, Sir Alexander came with him. They landed at Garmouth in Moray, only a few miles from Duffus, and it may well have been Sir Alexander's influence which brought the Royal exile there. At any rate, within six months, Alexander was created a peer, as the first Lord Duffus.
But Cromwell was to rule the land for another ten years, and the new Lord Duffus soon found himself in trouble. He was ordered to hold the city of Perth for King Charles and given 600 men to do it. He held out for exactly twelve hours--and was thereafter fined L1500 by the Lord Protector. When at last the Restoration came, Lord Duffus in due course went to London with the now Merry Monarch.
Reading between the lines, it is probable that the new peer earned his honours by more than the fact that he brought Charles from Holland to Moray--or even by his twelve-hours' defence of Perth. Charles was chronically short of money, inheriting an empty treasury and Alexander Sutherland was rich. As well as all the original lands of Duffus and in Sutherland, one of his predecessors had married an heiress with great estates in the Elgin area.
from: http://www.scotsites.co.uk/eBooks/sagatimechapter9.htm
We now have to fix the date of Freskin de Moravia, nephew of William, dominus Sutherlandiae since about 1214. Freskin, as stated, was undoubtedly the husband of Johanna of Strathnaver, and became on his marriage owner of her lands there as well as of a moiety of the Caithness earldom lands.
Freskin was, as also stated, the eldest son of Walter de Moravia of Duffus, second son of Hugo Freskyn of Strabrock, Duffus and Sutherland by Walter's marriage with Euphamia, probably, from her name, a daughter of Ferchar Mac-in-tagart, who became Earl of Ross.[23] As Ferchar granted[24] certain lands at Clon in Ross about the year 1224 to Freskin's father Walter de Moravia of Duffus without pecuniary or other valuable consideration, it has been concluded, probably correctly, that this grant was made on the occasion of the marriage of Walter to Ferchar's daughter Euphamia; and Freskin, their heir, was born in or after 1225, and had become dominus de Duffus by 1248 on his father's death. Johanna, on our hypothesis, would have to be born by 1232 at latest, that is, before or soon after her supposed father Snaekoll went to Norway, and from her supposed father's date she could hardly have been born before 1225. Snaekoll's date can be ascertained with comparative accuracy. For his mother lost her first husband, Lifolf Baldpate, only in 1198, at the battle of Clairdon, and she can hardly have married Snaekoll's father, Gunni, much before 1200. From these dates Snaekoll could have been born by 1201, and married in Scotland between 1224 and 1231, and Freskin and Johanna would thus be of very suitable ages to marry each other, and their marriage therefore would take place after 1245, or possibly as late as 1250. If Johanna was the daughter of a younger child of Ragnhild, she might be born later than 1225.
Friday, January 15, 2010
The Battle of Embo
"Some doubts remain as to the exact date of this battle: tradition suggests the 1240s, but more reliable recent evidence places the battle in the 1260s. The battle took place after a party of Danes landed at Little Ferry and encamped near Embo. The Earl of Sutherland asked Richard de Moravia (Gilbert’s brother who had been given Skelbo Castle by him in 1235) to engage the Danes and hold them in check until he assembled a strong enough force to come to Richard’s aid. The plan worked, and the Danes were routed on the arrival of the Earl. During the battle Richard was killed and Earl William reputedly slew the Danish leader with the leg of a horse, an incident that accounts for the horseshoe on Dornoch’s present coat-of-arms. After the battle the Earl arranged for Richard de Moravia’s burial in Dornoch Cathedral, where the remains of his damaged sarcophagus can still be seen."
- http://www.historylinks.org.uk/norseinvaders.htm
- http://www.historylinks.org.uk/norseinvaders.htm
"Earldom" on William (2nd and 3rd Earls)
William, the Second of That Name, Earle of Southerland
- The one we now call the 2nd Earl of Sutherland
- son of William the 1st Earl of Sutherland
- "This William Earle of Southerland did passe ane accord and arbitrall-dcreet betuixt him and Archbald bishop of Catteynes, the yeir of God 1275, by reason of long discord which had been betueen William and William, Erls of Southerland, and Gilbert, William, and Walter, bishops of Catteynes, for certan lands in Southerland." (p. 35)
- This accord split lands between the Bishop of Catteynes (and his successors) and William 2nd Earl of Sutherland (and his successors). "And that the lands of Ewleck, Pronsies, Riarcher, Isedaill, Thorobell, Kinnald, Lairges, and other lands in Southerland, should hertablie apperteyn to William Erle of Southerland and his airs; all which lands the Erle of Southerland doth possesse unto this day, either in propertie or tennedrie." (p. 35)
- This accord also called for the alter of St James' chapel to be instituted and erected in Dornoch Cathedral, and the Earls of Sutherland were appointed to be "perpetuall patrons therof". This accord was made and sealed by both parties at Dornoch Cathedral.
Sir Robert Gordon appears to mix together William (2nd Earl) and William (3rd Earl), as the 2nd died in 1307, but Gordon says he dies 1325, and talks next of Kenneth (who actually was the 4th Earl, succeeding his brother William the 3rd Earl).
William, 3rd Earl of Sutherland
- In 1308, the Scottish nobility answered an inquiry from King Phillip of France about King Robert Bruce. William, Erle of Southerland, was one of the group of nobles who replied. It "wes dated at Sanct Andrewes, and sealed with the seales of all the noble ther present; wher the Earle of Southerlands armes are thrie starres or muletts." (p. 37)
- Assisted King Robert Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn, 1314. (It was the decisive battle in the First War of Scottish Independence. -wikipedia)
- In 1302, King Robert Bruce held a convention called the Black Parlament. Afterward, some nobles plotted to deliver Scotland back to King Edward. The conspiracy was revealed and the traitors punished. "But (so sayeth Fordonius) William Earle of Soutehrland, with divers others of the nobilitie, who were not pertakers of that treasone, perceaveing the king to beir them some grudge for that which wes done at the black parlament, they did write unto Pope John, shewing how King Robert had delt hardlie with them." (p. 41)
- The Pope helped, getting King Robert Bruce to receive them back into his favor "and chieflie William Earle of Southerland, whom he did alwise from hence-foreward love most intirelie, which he deserved for his good service shortlie therefter, at the battle of Bighland." (p. 42)
- Sir Robert Gordon then describes the Battle of Beighland (1323), where William and other nobles accompanied King Robert Bruce as pursued the English back into England, to York, and to the abbey of Beighland, with "King Edward himself hardlie escaping." The Scottish remained in England for a month and 4 days, returning in October, 1323. (p. 42)
- Sir Robert Gordon then says that William in 1325, buried in Dornoch Cathedral, leaving one son Kenneth to succeed him. However, Kenneth was this William, 3rd Earl's brother, not son. William, 2nd Earl (Kenneth's and William 3rd's father) had died in 1307. It is likely that both of these Williams were buried in Dornoch Cathedral.
- The one we now call the 2nd Earl of Sutherland
- son of William the 1st Earl of Sutherland
- "This William Earle of Southerland did passe ane accord and arbitrall-dcreet betuixt him and Archbald bishop of Catteynes, the yeir of God 1275, by reason of long discord which had been betueen William and William, Erls of Southerland, and Gilbert, William, and Walter, bishops of Catteynes, for certan lands in Southerland." (p. 35)
- This accord split lands between the Bishop of Catteynes (and his successors) and William 2nd Earl of Sutherland (and his successors). "And that the lands of Ewleck, Pronsies, Riarcher, Isedaill, Thorobell, Kinnald, Lairges, and other lands in Southerland, should hertablie apperteyn to William Erle of Southerland and his airs; all which lands the Erle of Southerland doth possesse unto this day, either in propertie or tennedrie." (p. 35)
- This accord also called for the alter of St James' chapel to be instituted and erected in Dornoch Cathedral, and the Earls of Sutherland were appointed to be "perpetuall patrons therof". This accord was made and sealed by both parties at Dornoch Cathedral.
Sir Robert Gordon appears to mix together William (2nd Earl) and William (3rd Earl), as the 2nd died in 1307, but Gordon says he dies 1325, and talks next of Kenneth (who actually was the 4th Earl, succeeding his brother William the 3rd Earl).
William, 3rd Earl of Sutherland
- In 1308, the Scottish nobility answered an inquiry from King Phillip of France about King Robert Bruce. William, Erle of Southerland, was one of the group of nobles who replied. It "wes dated at Sanct Andrewes, and sealed with the seales of all the noble ther present; wher the Earle of Southerlands armes are thrie starres or muletts." (p. 37)
- Assisted King Robert Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn, 1314. (It was the decisive battle in the First War of Scottish Independence. -wikipedia)
- In 1302, King Robert Bruce held a convention called the Black Parlament. Afterward, some nobles plotted to deliver Scotland back to King Edward. The conspiracy was revealed and the traitors punished. "But (so sayeth Fordonius) William Earle of Soutehrland, with divers others of the nobilitie, who were not pertakers of that treasone, perceaveing the king to beir them some grudge for that which wes done at the black parlament, they did write unto Pope John, shewing how King Robert had delt hardlie with them." (p. 41)
- The Pope helped, getting King Robert Bruce to receive them back into his favor "and chieflie William Earle of Southerland, whom he did alwise from hence-foreward love most intirelie, which he deserved for his good service shortlie therefter, at the battle of Bighland." (p. 42)
- Sir Robert Gordon then describes the Battle of Beighland (1323), where William and other nobles accompanied King Robert Bruce as pursued the English back into England, to York, and to the abbey of Beighland, with "King Edward himself hardlie escaping." The Scottish remained in England for a month and 4 days, returning in October, 1323. (p. 42)
- Sir Robert Gordon then says that William in 1325, buried in Dornoch Cathedral, leaving one son Kenneth to succeed him. However, Kenneth was this William, 3rd Earl's brother, not son. William, 2nd Earl (Kenneth's and William 3rd's father) had died in 1307. It is likely that both of these Williams were buried in Dornoch Cathedral.
"Earldom" on William (1st Earl)
William Southerland, Earle of Southerland
- son of Earle Hugh
- This is the person we now call William, 1st Earl of Sutherland
- "This William Erle of Southerland did frielie confirme the disposition formerlie maid be his father Hugh, of the lands of Skelbo, Invershin, and Ferrinbuscay, (now called Ferrinkostay or Slishchells) and therefter Gilbert, bishop of Catteynes, disponed and gave these lands unto his brother Richard Morray. Which disposition wes confirmed be King Alexander his charter of confirmation, dated at Sanct Andrews the 26th day of December, the tuentie-tuo yeir of his raigne, and of God 1235 yeirs." (p. 31)
- the church in Dornoch in Southerland (Dornoch Cathedral), "wher the Earles of Southerland have ther buriall place unto this day." (p. 31)
- "Ther passed ane accord and arbitrall decreit betueen Sanct Gilbert and this William Erle of Southerland, for certan lands, in the raigne of the said King Alexander; bot ther was some contraversie betueen this Erle William, and William bishop of Cattyness, (Sanct Gilbert his successor) for the propertie and inheritance of certan lands." (p. 31)
- Danes and Norwegians invaded Scotland and sent some companies of men to the northern parts of the kingdom, intent on invading Southerland. William, Earl of Southerland, sent his servent Richard Morray (St. Gilbert's brother) to hold off the Danes while he gathered the inhabitants to attack. Richard saw a chance for an advantage and attacked the Danes at a place called Enbo (between Dornoch and "the ferrie of Vnes". The Danes fled, and William arrived and pursued them. He overthrew them and slayed their general, chasing the rest back to their ships. A monument was erected there, called "Ree Croiss". Richard Morray died in this battle, and William had him buried in Dornoch Cathedral. (p. 33)
- He was "a great help to Sanct Gilbert in the building of the cathedral church at Dornoch, and in the erection of the channons and dignities therof, by appoynting them lands and tithes, to Erle William's great cost and charges." (p. 33)
- Died at Dunrobin in 1248, leaving his son William to inherit his earldom
- Was buried in the "south yle" of Dornoch Cathedral "which from thencefoorth, wes the commoun buriall-place of the Erls of Southerland for the most pairt." (p. 33)
- son of Earle Hugh
- This is the person we now call William, 1st Earl of Sutherland
- "This William Erle of Southerland did frielie confirme the disposition formerlie maid be his father Hugh, of the lands of Skelbo, Invershin, and Ferrinbuscay, (now called Ferrinkostay or Slishchells) and therefter Gilbert, bishop of Catteynes, disponed and gave these lands unto his brother Richard Morray. Which disposition wes confirmed be King Alexander his charter of confirmation, dated at Sanct Andrews the 26th day of December, the tuentie-tuo yeir of his raigne, and of God 1235 yeirs." (p. 31)
- the church in Dornoch in Southerland (Dornoch Cathedral), "wher the Earles of Southerland have ther buriall place unto this day." (p. 31)
- "Ther passed ane accord and arbitrall decreit betueen Sanct Gilbert and this William Erle of Southerland, for certan lands, in the raigne of the said King Alexander; bot ther was some contraversie betueen this Erle William, and William bishop of Cattyness, (Sanct Gilbert his successor) for the propertie and inheritance of certan lands." (p. 31)
- Danes and Norwegians invaded Scotland and sent some companies of men to the northern parts of the kingdom, intent on invading Southerland. William, Earl of Southerland, sent his servent Richard Morray (St. Gilbert's brother) to hold off the Danes while he gathered the inhabitants to attack. Richard saw a chance for an advantage and attacked the Danes at a place called Enbo (between Dornoch and "the ferrie of Vnes". The Danes fled, and William arrived and pursued them. He overthrew them and slayed their general, chasing the rest back to their ships. A monument was erected there, called "Ree Croiss". Richard Morray died in this battle, and William had him buried in Dornoch Cathedral. (p. 33)
- He was "a great help to Sanct Gilbert in the building of the cathedral church at Dornoch, and in the erection of the channons and dignities therof, by appoynting them lands and tithes, to Erle William's great cost and charges." (p. 33)
- Died at Dunrobin in 1248, leaving his son William to inherit his earldom
- Was buried in the "south yle" of Dornoch Cathedral "which from thencefoorth, wes the commoun buriall-place of the Erls of Southerland for the most pairt." (p. 33)
Thursday, January 14, 2010
Dunrobin Castle
Some notes from http://www.dunrobincastle.co.uk
Dunrobin Castle has been called home to the Earls and Dukes of Sutherland since the 13th century and was first mentioned as a stronghold of the family in 1401.
The Earldom of Sutherland was created in 1235 and a castle appears to have stood on this site since then, possibly on the site of an early medieval fort. The name Dun Robin means Robin's Hill or Fort in Gaelic and may have come from Robert, the 6th Earl of Sutherland who died in 1427.
The Chiefs of Clan Sutherland are descended from Hugh, grandson of Freskin de Moravia, a knight of Flemish origin, who was given the lands of Sutherland by William the Lion in 1197.
Dunrobin Castle has been called home to the Earls and Dukes of Sutherland since the 13th century and was first mentioned as a stronghold of the family in 1401.
The Earldom of Sutherland was created in 1235 and a castle appears to have stood on this site since then, possibly on the site of an early medieval fort. The name Dun Robin means Robin's Hill or Fort in Gaelic and may have come from Robert, the 6th Earl of Sutherland who died in 1427.
The Chiefs of Clan Sutherland are descended from Hugh, grandson of Freskin de Moravia, a knight of Flemish origin, who was given the lands of Sutherland by William the Lion in 1197.
Notes from "...Earldom of Sutherland"
The line of the Earldom of Sutherland, according to Sir Robert Gordon:
Alane Southerland, Thaine of Southerland
- killed by King Macbeth
his son... Walter Southerland, First Earle of Southerland
- when very young, was restored to his father's estate by King Malcome
- it was King Malcome who changed the Thanes in Scotland to new names,
erles, lords, barrons, and knights
- Walter was created Erle of Southerland by King Malcolme
- died very old, leaving son Robert to be his successor
his son... Robert Southerland, Earle of Southerland
- "This Robert earle of Southerland wes the first founder and builder of
the castell of Dounrobin, so called from his name; for Doun-Robin signefieth
the mote or hill of Robert." (p. 26)
- died very old
Hugh Southerland, Earle of Southerland, Nicknamed Freskin
- succeeded Robert, but Sir Robert Gordon does not state any relation between them
- during the time of "Richard the First, king of England, surnamed Coeur de Lyon"
and "William, king of Scotland"
- "keiped his cuntrey and the inhabitants therof frie from the oppression of others
all the dayes of his liffe." (p. 30)
- succeeded by his son, William Southerland, which is the one we now refer to as
the 1st Earl of Sutherland.
"This Hugh Freskin, erle of Southerland, disposed by his charter, under his seale, unto Mr Gilbert, archdeacon of Morray, and to his heirs, the lands of Skelbo, Inwershin, and Ferrinbusky, lying within Southerland. This charter was confirmed by King William the Lyon, the 29th day of Aprile, at Slishcheles, and the king's great seale was annexted thereto; which is yet extant among the Erle of Sutherland's writs: and I had a sight of it from James Southerland, tutor of Duffus, it being then among his nevoyes writs. Heir it is to be observed, that in the originall confirmation, their is neither mention maid of the yeir of Chryst, nor of the yeir of the king's raigne, onlie ther is the day of the moneth, with the king's seale annexed therunto." (p. 28)
The mentioned James Southerland, Tutor of Duffus, is our ancestor. He is also called James Sutherland of Kinminitie. He lived from 1586-1679. His father had died in 1616, and his son that we are descended from was just born in 1625. Sir Robert Gordon wrote this in about 1630.
"nevoyes" = nephew's.... James Sutherland of Kinminitie was the Tutor of his nephew, the Laird of Duffus.
Alane Southerland, Thaine of Southerland
- killed by King Macbeth
his son... Walter Southerland, First Earle of Southerland
- when very young, was restored to his father's estate by King Malcome
- it was King Malcome who changed the Thanes in Scotland to new names,
erles, lords, barrons, and knights
- Walter was created Erle of Southerland by King Malcolme
- died very old, leaving son Robert to be his successor
his son... Robert Southerland, Earle of Southerland
- "This Robert earle of Southerland wes the first founder and builder of
the castell of Dounrobin, so called from his name; for Doun-Robin signefieth
the mote or hill of Robert." (p. 26)
- died very old
Hugh Southerland, Earle of Southerland, Nicknamed Freskin
- succeeded Robert, but Sir Robert Gordon does not state any relation between them
- during the time of "Richard the First, king of England, surnamed Coeur de Lyon"
and "William, king of Scotland"
- "keiped his cuntrey and the inhabitants therof frie from the oppression of others
all the dayes of his liffe." (p. 30)
- succeeded by his son, William Southerland, which is the one we now refer to as
the 1st Earl of Sutherland.
"This Hugh Freskin, erle of Southerland, disposed by his charter, under his seale, unto Mr Gilbert, archdeacon of Morray, and to his heirs, the lands of Skelbo, Inwershin, and Ferrinbusky, lying within Southerland. This charter was confirmed by King William the Lyon, the 29th day of Aprile, at Slishcheles, and the king's great seale was annexted thereto; which is yet extant among the Erle of Sutherland's writs: and I had a sight of it from James Southerland, tutor of Duffus, it being then among his nevoyes writs. Heir it is to be observed, that in the originall confirmation, their is neither mention maid of the yeir of Chryst, nor of the yeir of the king's raigne, onlie ther is the day of the moneth, with the king's seale annexed therunto." (p. 28)
The mentioned James Southerland, Tutor of Duffus, is our ancestor. He is also called James Sutherland of Kinminitie. He lived from 1586-1679. His father had died in 1616, and his son that we are descended from was just born in 1625. Sir Robert Gordon wrote this in about 1630.
"nevoyes" = nephew's.... James Sutherland of Kinminitie was the Tutor of his nephew, the Laird of Duffus.
Family Trees of the Earls and Lords
Family Trees
http://duffus.com/earls_of_sutherland.htm
http://duffus.com/sutherlands_of_duffus.htm
A SHORT HISTORY OF CLAN SUTHERLAND, THE FAMILIES OF SUTHERLAND, FORSE AND DUFFUS, 12th-19th CENTURY
http://www.duffus.com/ashort.htm
http://duffus.com/earls_of_sutherland.htm
http://duffus.com/sutherlands_of_duffus.htm
A SHORT HISTORY OF CLAN SUTHERLAND, THE FAMILIES OF SUTHERLAND, FORSE AND DUFFUS, 12th-19th CENTURY
http://www.duffus.com/ashort.htm
Places of the Sutherlands
Dornoch Cathedral
Many of the Earls of Sutherland were buried there, including William, the 1st Earl of Sutherland. They were buried "in the south yle, called Our Ladies Yle." (p. 7)
"Sir Robert Gordon states that [William, 1st Earl of Sutherland] helped Gilbert, Bishop of Caithness in the building of Dornoch Cathedral. The Earl, it is said, died in 1248 and was buried in the Cathedral."
- http://www.duffus.com/ashort.htm
"From the time of its completion until the Reformation some 340 years later, Gilbert's Cathedral stood in its original state. In 1570 it was set on fire and Gilbert's tomb was desecrated during a clan feud between the Murrays of Dornoch and the Mackays of Strathnaver. Almost totally destroyed, except for the chancel and transept walls, the Cathedral was partially restored in 1616 by Sir Robert Gordon. Between 1835 and 1837, through the generosity of Elizabeth, Duchess-Countess of Sutherland, the restoration was completed and the Sutherland burial vault, which is now sealed off, was built under the chancel floor."
- http://www.dornoch-cathedral.com/pages/history.html
Duffus Castle
(from wikipedia)
"It was Freskin who built the great earthwork and timber motte-and-bailey castle in c.1140... Freskin’s direct line ended in 1270 and the castle passed into the ownership of Sir Reginald Cheyne, the younger. In around 1350 the last Cheyne died leaving his estate to his daughter who was married to Nicholas,the second son of the 4th Earl of Sutherland. The Sutherlands, themselves were descended from Freskyn and remained in their possession until 1705[5] when the castle was abandoned."
We are descended from Nicholas Sutherland, the 1st Laird of Duffus... as well as from his line all the way through William Sutherland, 9th Laird of Duffus.
The above quote says Freskin's direct line ended in 1270. It appears that it refers to his direct line *that owned Duffus Castle*. In 1235 the Earldom of Sutherland was created and given to William, Hugh's son. Dunrobin Castle "appears to have stood on this site since then, possibly on the site of an early medieval fort." (http://www.dunrobincastle.co.uk) Hugh's SECOND son, Walter was called "of Duffus", and thus probably owned it. It is WALTER's line that ends in 1270 with the death of his son, the second Freskin, who left no male heirs. Freskin's eldest of two daughters, Mary, "married to Sir Reginald Cheyne in 1286, and in 1305 her husband approached the all-conquering King Edward the First of England for permission to fell 200 oak trees 'to build his manor of Duffus.' Cheyne and Mary De Moravia once again produced only two daughters, and the elder, who was the heir to Duffus, another Mary, married a far-out cousin, Nicholas, second son of Kenneth, 4th Earl of Sutherland. So Duffus came back to the original male descendants of the first Freskin, even though now called Sutherland."
"The second Sir Reginald was one of the signers of the Declaration of Arbroathin 1320, the letter to the pope declaring Scotland's independence. He died about 1345 and had only two daughters, Marjory and Mariota. Mariota first married John Douglas and second John Keith. Marjory married Nicholas Sutherland of Duffus, son of Kenneth the 4th Earl of Sutherland. This couple was the progenitors of the Lairds of Duffus. "
So Duffus Castle was never out of family hands. Mary, wife of Cheyne, was Hugh's great-granddaughter. The male owner of Duffus Castle was a Cheyne for only one generation. His daughter married Nicholas and began the line of the Lairds of Duffus... our line.
The name Dun Robin means Robin's Hill or Fort in Gaelic and may have come from Robert, the 6th Earl of Sutherland who died in 1427.
Dunrobin Castle
(from wikipedia)
"The lands of Sutherland were acquired, before 1211, by Hugh, Lord of Duffus, grandson of the Flemish nobleman Freskin.[2] The Earldom of Sutherland was created around 1230 for Hugh's son William, and a castle is first recorded on this site in 1401.[3] It was possibly built on the site of an early medieval fort (the dun of the place-name). The earliest castle was a square keep with few, and small, windows, looking out from a cliff top position, probably surrounded by a defensive curtain wall. "
According to this, Dunrobin was built after our line of the Sutherlands split off from the Earls of Sutherland. However, Dunrobin Castle's website says differently. And Sir Robert Gordon says William, 1st Earl of Sutherland died at Dunrobin.
Found Kinminitie:
just northwest of Newmill, north of Keith.
Tarmore is just to the southwest.
Many of the Earls of Sutherland were buried there, including William, the 1st Earl of Sutherland. They were buried "in the south yle, called Our Ladies Yle." (p. 7)
"Sir Robert Gordon states that [William, 1st Earl of Sutherland] helped Gilbert, Bishop of Caithness in the building of Dornoch Cathedral. The Earl, it is said, died in 1248 and was buried in the Cathedral."
- http://www.duffus.com/ashort.htm
"From the time of its completion until the Reformation some 340 years later, Gilbert's Cathedral stood in its original state. In 1570 it was set on fire and Gilbert's tomb was desecrated during a clan feud between the Murrays of Dornoch and the Mackays of Strathnaver. Almost totally destroyed, except for the chancel and transept walls, the Cathedral was partially restored in 1616 by Sir Robert Gordon. Between 1835 and 1837, through the generosity of Elizabeth, Duchess-Countess of Sutherland, the restoration was completed and the Sutherland burial vault, which is now sealed off, was built under the chancel floor."
- http://www.dornoch-cathedral.com/pages/history.html
Duffus Castle
(from wikipedia)
"It was Freskin who built the great earthwork and timber motte-and-bailey castle in c.1140... Freskin’s direct line ended in 1270 and the castle passed into the ownership of Sir Reginald Cheyne, the younger. In around 1350 the last Cheyne died leaving his estate to his daughter who was married to Nicholas,the second son of the 4th Earl of Sutherland. The Sutherlands, themselves were descended from Freskyn and remained in their possession until 1705[5] when the castle was abandoned."
We are descended from Nicholas Sutherland, the 1st Laird of Duffus... as well as from his line all the way through William Sutherland, 9th Laird of Duffus.
The above quote says Freskin's direct line ended in 1270. It appears that it refers to his direct line *that owned Duffus Castle*. In 1235 the Earldom of Sutherland was created and given to William, Hugh's son. Dunrobin Castle "appears to have stood on this site since then, possibly on the site of an early medieval fort." (http://www.dunrobincastle.co.uk) Hugh's SECOND son, Walter was called "of Duffus", and thus probably owned it. It is WALTER's line that ends in 1270 with the death of his son, the second Freskin, who left no male heirs. Freskin's eldest of two daughters, Mary, "married to Sir Reginald Cheyne in 1286, and in 1305 her husband approached the all-conquering King Edward the First of England for permission to fell 200 oak trees 'to build his manor of Duffus.' Cheyne and Mary De Moravia once again produced only two daughters, and the elder, who was the heir to Duffus, another Mary, married a far-out cousin, Nicholas, second son of Kenneth, 4th Earl of Sutherland. So Duffus came back to the original male descendants of the first Freskin, even though now called Sutherland."
"The second Sir Reginald was one of the signers of the Declaration of Arbroathin 1320, the letter to the pope declaring Scotland's independence. He died about 1345 and had only two daughters, Marjory and Mariota. Mariota first married John Douglas and second John Keith. Marjory married Nicholas Sutherland of Duffus, son of Kenneth the 4th Earl of Sutherland. This couple was the progenitors of the Lairds of Duffus. "
So Duffus Castle was never out of family hands. Mary, wife of Cheyne, was Hugh's great-granddaughter. The male owner of Duffus Castle was a Cheyne for only one generation. His daughter married Nicholas and began the line of the Lairds of Duffus... our line.
The name Dun Robin means Robin's Hill or Fort in Gaelic and may have come from Robert, the 6th Earl of Sutherland who died in 1427.
Dunrobin Castle
(from wikipedia)
"The lands of Sutherland were acquired, before 1211, by Hugh, Lord of Duffus, grandson of the Flemish nobleman Freskin.[2] The Earldom of Sutherland was created around 1230 for Hugh's son William, and a castle is first recorded on this site in 1401.[3] It was possibly built on the site of an early medieval fort (the dun of the place-name). The earliest castle was a square keep with few, and small, windows, looking out from a cliff top position, probably surrounded by a defensive curtain wall. "
According to this, Dunrobin was built after our line of the Sutherlands split off from the Earls of Sutherland. However, Dunrobin Castle's website says differently. And Sir Robert Gordon says William, 1st Earl of Sutherland died at Dunrobin.
Found Kinminitie:
just northwest of Newmill, north of Keith.
Tarmore is just to the southwest.
Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland
"A Genealogical History of The Earldom of Sutherland, From its Origin to the Year 1630; Written by Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun, Baronet. With a Continuation to the Year 1651."
Published from the Original Manuscript.
Edinburgh:
Printed by George Ramsay and Co.
For Archibald Constable and Company, Edinburgh; and
White, Cochrane and Co. London.
1813
====
Written by Sir Robert Gordon during the time of John Gordon, 14th Earl of Sutherland (1609–1679).
Published from the Original Manuscript.
Edinburgh:
Printed by George Ramsay and Co.
For Archibald Constable and Company, Edinburgh; and
White, Cochrane and Co. London.
1813
====
Written by Sir Robert Gordon during the time of John Gordon, 14th Earl of Sutherland (1609–1679).
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
